2024

**********

The Ty1 retrotransposon harbors a DNA region that performs dual functions as both a gene silencing and chromatin insulator.
Masumoto H, Muto H, Yano K, Kurosaki Y, Niki H.
Sci Rep. 2024 Jul 18;14(1):16641. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67242-z.
PMID: 39025990; PMCID: PMC11258251.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39025990/

**********

Molecular Basis of N-Glycan Recognition by Pradimicin A and Its Potential as a SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitor プレスリリース
Nakagawa Y, Fujii M, Ito N, Ojika M, Akase D, Aida M, Kinoshita T, Sakurai Y, Yasuda J, Igarashi Y, Ito Y.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.2024 May 1:105:117732. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117732. Epub 2024 Apr 18.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38643719/

Molecular characterization of an avian rotavirus A strain detected from a large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) in Japan.
Fujii Y, Masatani T, Nishiyama S, Takahashi T, Okajima M, Izumi F, Sakoda Y, Takada A, Ozawa M, Sugiyama M, Ito N.
Virology. 2024 May 18:596:110114. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110114.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38781709/

**********

Phylogenetic analysis of the promoter element 2 of paramyxo- and filoviruses
Ashida S, Kojima S, Okura T, Kato F, Furuyama W, Urata S, Matsumoto Y.
Microbiology Spectrum. 2024 May 2;12(5):e0041724. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00417-24. Epub 2024 Apr 12.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38606982/

Galectin-3 Plays a Role in Neuroinflammation in the Visual Pathway in Experimental Optic Neuritis
Funaki M, Nio-Kobayashi J, Suzuki R, Bando Y.
Cells. 2024 Mar 31;13(7):612. doi: 10.3390/cells13070612.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38607051/

2023

**********

First evidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) outside of Hokkaido Island in Japan 日本語解説
Ohira M, Yoshii K, Aso Y, Nakajima H, Yamashita T, Takahashi-Iwata I, Maeda N, Shindo K, Suenaga T, Matsuura T, Sugie K, Hamano T, Arai A, Furutani R, Suzuki Y, Kaneko C, Kobayashi Y, Campos-Alberto E, Harper LR, Edwards J, Bender C, Pilz A, Ito S, Angulo FJ, Erber W, Madhava H, Moïsi J, Jodar L, Mizusawa H, Takao M.
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023 Dec;12(2):2278898. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2278898. Epub 2023 Nov 14.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37906509/

**********

Recovery of complete genome sequences of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) directly from clinical samples: A comparative study between targeted enrichment and metagenomic approaches
D'Addiego J, Wand N, Afrough B, Fletcher T, Kurosaki Y, Leblebicioglu H, Hewson R.
J Virol Methods. 2023 Oct 23:323:114833. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114833. Online ahead of print.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37879367/

**********

Ubiquitin accumulation induced by the finger and palm sub-domains of NS5 modulates the replication of West Nile virus 日本語解説
Kobayashi S, Kawakami R, Takeda C, Maezono K, Thammahakin P, Eguchi H, Hang'ombe BM, Orba Y, Sawa H, Yoshii K, Kariwa H.
Virology. 2023 Oct 12:588:109902. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109902. Online ahead of print.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37856911/

**********

Tracing the new SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.86 in the community through wastewater surveillance in Bangkok, Thailand
Wannigama DL, Amarasiri M, Phattharapornjaroen P, Hurst C, Modchang C, Chadsuthi S, Anupong S, Miyanaga K, Cui L, Fernandez S, Huang AT, Ounjai P, Tacharoenmuang R, Ragupathi NKD, Sano D, Furukawa T, Sei K, Leelahavanichkul A, Kanjanabuch T, Higgins PG, Nanbo A, Kicic A, Singer AC, Chatsuwan T, Trowsdale S, Khatib A, Shibuya K, Abe S, Ishikawa H, Hongsing P; Pathogen Hunters Research Team.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Nov;23(11):e464-e466. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00620-5. Epub 2023 Oct 6.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37813112/

**********

Peritumoral SPARC expression induced by exosomes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma infected Epstein-Barr virus: A poor prognostic marker
Dochi H, Kondo S, Komura S, Moriyama-Kita M, Komori T, Nanbo A, Sakaguchi M, Fukuyo M, Hamabe-Horiike T, Tanaka M, Mizokami H, Kano M, Kitagawa Y, Kobayashi E, Hirai N, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Hanayama R, Kaneda A, Yoshizaki T.
Int J Cancer. 2023 Oct 31. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34777. Online ahead of print.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37907830/

**********

Development of Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays for the Surveillance and Diagnosis of Herpes B Virus Infection
Amano M, Sapkanarak K, Thbthimthong W, Meesawat S, Kemthong T, Suttisan N, Abe H, Malaivijitnond S, Yasuda J.
Viruses, 15, 2086, 2023. Oct 13. doi: 10.3390/v15102086
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896863/

**********

Distribution of Aedes mosquito species along the rural-urban gradient in Lambaréné and its surrounding
Bikangui R, Boussougou-Sambe ST, Saidou M, Ngossanga B, Doumba Ndalembouly AG, Djida Y, Ayong More, Beh Mba R, Abe H, Ushijima Y, Borrmann S, Lell B, Yasuda J, Adegnika AA.
Parasit Vectors. 2023 Oct 12;16(1):360. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05901-2.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37828572/

Tracing the transmission of mpox through wastewater surveillance in Southeast Asia.
Wannigama DL, Amarasiri M, Phattharapornjaroen P, Hurst C, Modchang C, Chadsuthi S, Anupong S, Miyanaga K, Cui L, Thuptimdang W, Ali Hosseini Rad SM, Fernandez S, Huang AT, Vatanaprasan P, Jay DJ, Saethang T, Luk-In S, Storer RJ, Ounjai P, Ragupathi NKD, Kanthawee P, Sano D, Furukawa T, Sei K, Leelahavanichkul A, Kanjanabuch T, Higgins PG, Nanbo A, Kicic A, Singer AC, Chatsuwan T, Trowsdale S, Siow R, Shibuya K, Abe S, Ishikawa H, Hongsing P.
J Travel Med. 2023 Sep 5;30(5):taad096. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taad096.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37462504/

**********

Characterization of novel, severely immunodeficient PrkdcΔex57/Δex57 mice
Takagi Y, Sudo K, Yamaguchi S, Urata S, Ohno T, Hirose S, Matsumoto K, Kuramoto T, Serikawa T, Yasuda J, Ikutani M, Nakae S.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2023 Aug 26;678:193-199. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.055.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37651888/

**********

Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B and C Viruses Revealed by Continuous Surveillance from 2015 to 2021 in Gabon, Central Africa
Abe H, Ushijima Y, Bikangui R, Ondo GN, Pemba CM, Zadeh VR, Mpingabo PI, Ueda H, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Yasuda J.
Microorganisms. 2023 Aug 9;11(8):2046. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11082046.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37630606/

Comparison of genome replication fidelity between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in cell culture プレスリリース
Kawasaki Y, Abe H, Yasuda J.
Sci Rep. 2023 Aug 11;13(1):13105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40463-4.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37567927/

A point mutation in GPI-attachment signal peptide accelerates the development of prion disease
Kobayashi A, Hirata T, Shimazaki T, Munesue Y, Aoshima K, Kimura T, Nio-Kobayashi J, Hasebe R, Takeuchi A, Matsuura Y, Kusumi S, Koga D, Iwasaki Y, Kinoshita T, Mohri S, Kitamoto T
Acta Neuropathol. 2023 May;145(5):637-650. doi: 10.1007/s00401-023-02553-5. Epub 2023 Mar 6.
PMID: 36879070 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02553-5
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36879070/

GM-CSF Promotes the Survival of Peripheral-Derived Myeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System for Pain-Induced Relapse of Neuroinflammation
Matsuyama S, Yamamoto R, Murakami K, Takahashi N, Nishi R, Ishii A, Nio-Kobayashi J, Abe N, Tanaka K, Jiang JJ, Kawamoto T, Iwanaga T, Shinohara Y, Yamasaki T, Ohki I, Hojyo S, Hasebe R, Kubota SI, Hirata N, Kamimura D, Hashimoto S, Tanaka Y, Murakami M.
J Immunol. 2023 Jul 1;211(1):34-42. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200567. Online ahead of print.
PMID: 37212607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200567
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37212607/

**********

The NSs protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus differentially inhibits the type 1 interferon response among animal species プレスリリース
Yoshikawa R, Kawakami M, Yasuda J.
J Biol Chem. 2023 Jun;299(6):104819. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104819. Epub 2023 May 13. Online ahead of print.
PMID: 37187292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104819
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37187292/

**********

The RNA helicase DDX39B activates FOXP3 RNA splicing to control T regulatory cell 日本語解説
Hirano M, Galarza-Muñoz G, Nagasawa C, Schott G, Wang L, Antonia AL, Jain V, Yu X, Widen SG, Briggs FBS, Gregory SG, Ko DC, Fagg WS, Bradrick S, Garcia-Blanco MA.
Elife.  2023 Jun 1;12:e76927. doi: 10.7554/eLife.76927.
PMID: 37261960 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.76927
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37261960/

********

Interaction of the Hemagglutinin Stalk Region with Cell Adhesion Molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 Mediates the Spread between Neurons and Neuropathogenicity of Measles Virus with a Hyperfusogenic Fusion Protein
Takemoto R, Hirai Y, Watanabe S, Harada H, Suzuki T, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y, Shirogane Y.
Journal of Virology. 2023 May 31;97(5):e0034023. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00340-23. Epub 2023 May 11.
PMID: 37166307 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00340-23
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37166307/

Development of recombinant West Nile virus expressing mCherry reporter protein
Kobayashi S, Fukuda Y, Yoshii K, Thammahakin P, Maezono K, Eyer L, Růžek D, Kariwa H.
J Virol Methods. 2023 Jul;317:114744. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114744. Epub 2023 Apr 28.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114744
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119976/

*********

Interaction between PI3K and the VDAC2 channel tethers Ras-PI3K-positive endosomes to mitochondria and promotes endosome maturation
Satoh AO, Fujioka Y, Kashiwagi S, Yoshida A, Fujioka M, Sasajima H, Nanbo A, Amano M, Ohba Y.
Cell Rep. 2023 Mar 28;42(3):112229. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112229. Epub 2023 Mar 11.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36906852/

**********

Identification of Surfactin as an anti-Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome virus (SFTSV) multi-target compound extracted from the culture broth of marine microbes 日本語解説
Urata S, Takouda J, Watanabe Y, Sakaguchi M, Sakurai Y, Inahashi Y, Iwatsuki M, Yasuda J, Tanaka Y, Takeda K.
Frontiers in Virology. 07 March 2023 2巻、1064265
DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.1064265
URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2022.1064265/full

**********

The roles of BST-2 in murine B cell development and on virus propagation 日本語解説
Urata S, Yamaguchi S, Nambu A, Sudo K, Nakae S, Yasuda J.
Microbiology and Immunology. 2023 Mar;67(3):105-113. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.13049. Epub 2023 Jan 27.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36604771/

**********

Calcium Influx Regulates the Replication of Several Negative-Strand RNA Viruses Including Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 日本語解説
Urata S, Yoshikawa R, Yasuda J.
Journal of Virology. 2023 Mar 30;97(3):e0001523. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00015-23. Epub 2023 Feb 16. 97 (3): e0001523
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36794941/

Collective fusion activity determines neurotropism of an en bloc transmitted enveloped virus
Shirogane Y, Harada H, Hirai Y, Takemoto R, Suzuki T, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y.
Science Advances. 2023 Jan 27;9(4):eadf3731. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3731. Epub 2023 Jan 27.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706187/

**********

Development of a novel positive pressure protective suit for Biosafety Level 4 laboratory in Japan. 日本語解説
Shichinohe S, Sakurai Y, Hayasaka D, Yamada E, Shinohara K, Kurosaki Y, Nakajima K. 
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 24;76(2):162-166. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2022.475. Epub 2022 Dec 28.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36575023/

2022

**********

Topoisomerase II as a Novel Antiviral Target against Panarenaviral Diseases
Afowowe TO, Sakurai Y, Urata S, Zadeh VR, Yasuda J.
Viruses. 2022 Dec 30;15(1):105. doi: 10.3390/v15010105.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36680145/

Ebola Virus GP Activates Endothelial Cells via Host Cytoskeletal Signaling Factors
Moni BM, Sakurai Y, Yasuda J.
Viruses, 2022 Jan 13;14(1):142. doi: 10.3390/v14010142.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35062347/

Development of an imaging system for visualization of Ebola virus glycoprotein throughout the viral lifecycle
Furuyama W, Sakaguchi M, Yamada K, Nanbo A.
Front Microbiol, 2022 Nov 3;13:1026644. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1026644. eCollection 2022. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36406413/

Identification of novel chemical compounds targeting filovirus VP40-mediated particle production
Urata S, Omotuyi OI, Izumisawa A, Ishikawa T, Mizuta S, Sakurai Y, Mizutani T, Ueda H, Tanaka Y, Yasuda J.
Antiviral Res., 2022 Mar;199:105267. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105267. Epub 2022 Feb 25.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35227759/

Potential and action mechanism of favipiravir as an antiviral against Junin virus
Zadeh VR, Afowowe TO, Abe H, Urata S, Yasuda J.
PLOS Pathogens, 2022 Jul 11;18(7):e1010689. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010689. eCollection 2022 Jul.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35816544/

A screen of FDA-approved drugs with minigenome identified tigecycline as an antiviral targeting nucleoprotein of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
Hirano M, Sakurai Y, Urata S, Kurosaki Y, Yasuda J, Yoshii K.
Antiviral Res., 2022 Apr;200:105276. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105276. Epub 2022 Mar 10.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35278582/

Analysis of the relationship between replication of the Hokkaido genotype of Puumala orthohantavirus and autophagy
Tamiya K, Kobayashi S, Yoshii K, Kariwa H.
Virus Res, 2022 Sep;318:198830. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198830. Epub 2022 May 28.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35640779/

Necroptosis of neuronal cells is related to the neuropathology of tick-borne encephalitis
Tsujino D, Yoshii K, Kajiyama M, Takahashi Y, Maekawa N, Kariwa H, Kobayashi S.
Virus Res, 2022 Nov;321:198914. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198914. Epub 2022 Sep 3.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36064044/

Y-shaped RNA secondary structure of a noncoding region in the genomic RNA of tick-borne encephalitis virus affects pathogenicity
Nishiyama S, Hirano M, Muto M, Kambara M, Ito N, Kobayashi S, Kariwa H, Yoshii K.
Microbiol Immunol, 2022 May;66(5):234-237. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12971. Epub 2022 Apr 20.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35194811/

Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated from tick infesting dog in central Hokkaido in 2018
Takahashi Y, Kobayashi S, Nakao R, Kariwa H, Yoshii K.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2022 Mar;13(2):101900. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101900. Epub 2022 Jan 10. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35063727/

Purification of Emu IgY for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Use Based on Monoclonal Secondary Antibodies Specific to Emu IgY
Yamaki K, Ohta K, Kobayashi N, Morita I, Kiguchi Y, Oyama H, Ito K, Nanbo A, Oh-Oka H, Koyama Y, Kawata Y, Fujisawa H, Ohta M.
Biol Pharm Bull, 45(8):1022-1026, 2022.
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2022
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35908885/

Estrogen induces the expression of EBV lytic protein ZEBRA, a marker of poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Dochi H, Kondo S, Murata T, Fukuyo M, Nanbo A, Wakae K, Jiang WP, Hamabe-Horiike T, Tanaka M, Nishiuchi T, Mizokami H, Moriyama-Kita M, Kobayashi E, Hirai N, Komori T, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Hatano M, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Wakisaka N, Juang SH, Muramatsu M, Kaneda A, Yoshizaki T.
Cancer Sci, 2022 Aug;113(8):2862-2877. doi: 10.1111/cas.15440. Epub 2022 Jun 27.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35633182/

Identification of novel orthonairoviruses from rodents and shrews in Gabon, Central Africa
Ozeki T, Abe H, Ushijima Y, Nze-Nkogue C, Akomo-Okoue EF, Ella GWE, Koumba LBM, Nso BCBB, Mintsa-Nguema R, Makouloutou-Nzassi P, Makanga BK, Nguelet FLM, Ondo GN, Mbadinga MJVM, Igasaki Y, Okada S, Hirano M, Yoshii K, Lell B, Bonney LC, Hewson R, Kurosaki Y, Yasuda J.
Journal of General Virology, 2022 Oct;103(10). doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001796.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36215163/

Re-emergence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in 2021 after a 10-year gap in Gabon
Ushijima Y, Abe H, Mbadinga MJVM, Ondo GN, Bikangui R, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Yasuda J.
 International Journal of Infectious Diseases Regions, 2022 Sep 5;5:68-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.08.013. eCollection 2022 Dec.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200059/

Antiviral activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid against variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Ngwe Tun MM, Sakura T, Sakurai Y, Kurosaki Y, Inaoka DK, Shioda N, Yasuda J, Kita K, Morita K.
Tropical Medicine and Health, 2022 Jan 7;50(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s41182-021-00397-x. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34991723/

5-Aminolevulinic acid antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in vitro
Ngwe Tun MM, Sakura T, Sakurai Y, Kurosaki Y, Inaoka DK, Shioda N, Smith C, Yasuda J, Morita K, Kita K.
Trop Med Health. 2022 Apr 27;50(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s41182-022-00422-7. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35477500/

Optimization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expression in the Silkworm and Induction of Efficient Protective Immunity by Inoculation With Alum Adjuvants
Masuda A, Lee JM, Miyata T, Mon H, Sato K, Oyama K, Sakurai Y, Yasuda J, Takahashi D, Ueda T, Kato Y, Nishida M, Karasaki N, Kakino K, Ebihara T, Nagasato T, Hino M, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Tonooka Y, Tanaka M, Moriyama T, Nakatake H, Fujita R, Kusakabe T.
Frontiers in Immunology, 2022 Jan 12;12:803647. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803647. eCollection 2021.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35095889/

Long-term validation of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 from March 2020 to October 2021 in Central Africa, Gabon
Abe H, Ushijima Y, Bikangui R, Ondo GN, Moure A, Yali-Assy-Oyamli Y, Yoshikawa R, Lell B, Adegnika AA, Yasuda J.
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2022 Dec 1;16(12):e0010964. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010964. eCollection 2022 Dec.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36455044/

Unique Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the Second Large Cruise Ship Cluster in Japan
Abe H, Ushijima Y, Amano M, Sakurai Y, Yoshikawa R, Kinoshita T, Kurosaki Y, Yanagihara K, Izumikawa K, Morita K, Kohno S, Yasuda J.
Microorganisms, 2022 Jan 4;10(1):99. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10010099.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056548/

Delays in the arrival of the waves of COVID-19: a comparison between Gabon and the African continent
Abe H, Ushijima Y, Bikangui R, Ondo GN, Lell B, Adegnika AA, Yasuda J.
Lancet Microbe, 2022 Jul;3(7):e476. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00091-X. Epub 2022 Apr 21.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35779562/

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
Tegally H, San JE, Cotten M, ..., Abe H, ..., Yasuda J, ... et al.
 Science, 2022 Oct 7;378(6615):eabq5358. doi: 10.1126/science.abq5358. Epub 2022 Oct 7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36108049/